John Stuart Mills Harm Principle Essay - 978 Words

John Stuart Mill discusses the conception of liberty in many ways. I’d like to focus of his ideas of the harm principle and a touch a little on his thoughts about the freedom of action. The harm principle and freedom on action are just two subtopics of Mill’s extensive thoughts about the conception on liberty. Not only do I plan to discuss and explain each of these parts on the conception of liberty, but I also plan to discuss my thoughts and feelings. I have a few disagreements with Mill on the harm principle; they will be stated and explained. My thoughts and feelings on Mill vary but I’d like to share my negative opinion towards the principle and hope to put it in a different perspective. The harm principle was published in Mill’s work†¦show more content†¦The government’s main duty according to the Harm Principle is to keep society functional and civil. My main disagreement with Mill’s Harm Principle is that indirect harm does not apply. Mill writes, â€Å"In many cases, an individual, in pursuing a legitimate object, necessarily and therefore legitimately causes pain or loss to others, or intercepts a good which they had a reasonable hope of obtaining (1009).† Who is he to say that while pursuing an object pain or loss is necessary at all? The definition of necessary, according to Webster’s Dictionary, is absolutely essential or needed to achieve a certain result or affect. I do not think that in any way it would be necessary to cause harm while trying to achieve a goal. There are so many ways to go about to achieve a goal without causing harm to someone. However, if for example, you and a coworker are in position for a promotion, you are both fighting against each other for the position, you receive the promotion and unintentionally hurt the other worker, and this harm caused does not put you at fault. If you did something evil or something that would purposely cause the individual to not get the promotion this is intentional and you should be placed at fault. In summary Mill believes that consequential harm will not apply to the harm principle; however I believe that the circumstances of the situation are very important in be able to consider whether orShow MoreRelatedJohn Stuart Mill’s Explanation of the Harm Principle2482 Words   |  10 PagesJohn Stuart Mill’s explanation of the harm principle is not as useful as once believed. Although the harm principle does in fact have some logic, it fails to set clear and concise borders regarding what denotes allowable hate speech. The harm principle essentially states that all speech, including hate speech, should be allowed. However, speech that causes a definable harm must be censored. For example, merely offensive speech is allowed; however, the context of the offensive speech in question isRead More`` On Liberty `` By John Stuart Mill1458 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Stuart Mill was an English philosopher and a progressive in British politics during the 17th century. He lived during a time of political transformation in England caused by the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought social mobility to the middle and lower class, along with more political participation. With this newfound freedom, the people of England felt their liberties were being diminished because they had the ability to accomplish all the more but in some cases, couldRead MoreJohn Stuart Mills Work881 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Stuart Mill’s work provides a valuable insight to the issue of medicine that harm people in the classical utilitarian. Many people consider that prescription for medical marijuana as a moral sin or something that should be given to help the patients to improve his/her bad condition. As a majority of people and federal consider prescription for medical marijuana is immoral and it is res tricted in many states including Texas. In the section on liberty, John StuartRead MoreThe Philosophical Conflict between Freedom and Authority1286 Words   |  5 Pages(still) most widely-accepted approaches is that offered by the renowned 19th Century philosopher John Stuart Mill, in his 1859 classic On Liberty. However, as pointed out by the 20th Century metaphysician Richard Taylor, the contemporary conclusion that Mills On Liberty provides a solution may not necessarily be accurate. The Inherent Philosophical Conflict between Freedom and Authority In principle, the only person who can be said to be truly and completely free to follow his own will is the individualRead MoreAnalysis Of The Text On Liberty By John Stuart Mill1642 Words   |  7 PagesRegarding Mill’s argument â€Å"If all mankind minus one were of one opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind,† the justification for this statement is to present his ideology on the subject of free speech. According the text ‘On Liberty’ by John Stuart Mill, his position with respect to free speech is that even one person had a specific opinion, mankind is not given grounds to silence him. Mill’s argumentRead MoreOn Liberty1318 Words   |  6 PagesOn John Stuart Mill’s production On Liberty has not only became one of the most widely known political and philosophical writing, but also produces one of the fundamental political questions on finding the balance in between liberty, democracy and authority. Although Mill’s writing was deeply influenced by Bentham’s Utilitarianism philosophy, Mill’s theory in On Liberty emphasized more around the value of individuality, equality and liberty (Donner, 1991; Skorupski, 1998). All three elements focusedRead MoreThe Work Of Mill : The Foundation Of Liberalism And Modern Day Politics1613 Words   |  7 Pagesprotests is â€Å"the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual† (Mill 1). In other words, who or what has the right to impose restrictions on an individual or on society. The English philosopher, John Stuart Mill, argues such concepts of free expression and political theory in his essay titled, On Liberty. The work of Mill is considered to be the foundation of liberalism and modern day politics. In order to fulfill the idea of perfect liberty, thereRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty And Utilitarianism Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay examines and inspects liberty and order conflict based on the writings of philosopher John Stuart Mill, titled On Liberty and Utilitarianism. We will discuss how his philosophical views on equality as fundamental to what it means to be human. We will interpret John Stuart Mill’s theorist view on equality as fundamental to the good or bad functioning of the state? The question and debate we would also raise will be, is equality be integral the arrangements of power? Lastly, we wouldRead MoreThe Fundamental Principles Of The Us Constitution1439 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the fundamental principles of the US Constitution is the freedom of speech. Something so ingrained in the country, that it is often an afterthought for many Americans. John Stuart Mill believes that freedom of expression and speech is a necessity for the human race to advance and evolve. Mill’s justification of this absolute freedom com e from the understanding that mistakes and choices made by the person leads to progress and the development of your individual self. He also argues that speechRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Theory980 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Stuart Mill’s theory touches upon power and its limits when it comes to society and how they express that over the individual. Throughout this theory, Mill is clear to address that his definition of liberty is not adequate for all individuals nor societies. His theory can also be used to support the first amendment although there are limits to that expression. Throughout this essay I will elaborate on John Stuart Mill’s theory and his way of justifying free speech rights. I will also explain

Role Of General Practitioners And Primary Care Providers

2. Primary Care/General Practice Role of general practitioners/primary care providers in diagnosing dementia Primary care physicians (PCP) play a crucial role in dementia diagnosis. Older patients receive healthcare primarily from their general practitioners (GPs). [51, 52] Most patients and carers prefer their GPs to be the first source of professional help when dealing with dementia. [53-55] The Australian guidelines advocate early diagnosis by timely exploration of symptoms raised by patients and carers. [14] It would be reasonable for GPs to initiate the diagnostic process for suspected dementia cases before referring to specialists or memory clinics for confirmation of diagnosis. Following a formal diagnosis, GPs are expected to provide ongoing management and follow up, with adequate monitoring of efficacy and side effects of dementia modulating drugs; detection, prevention and treatment of dementia complications such as Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD), falls, malnutrition; and appropriate referrals to support services. [56-60] The disclosure of dementia diagn osis should be a shared responsibility between specialists and GPs, with GPs exploring patients perceptions about symptoms and initiating tentative discussions about possible diagnoses prior to referral to specialists and provide ongoing emotional and practical support post diagnosis. [61] Although discussion of advanced care planning, legal issues and driving may be raised byShow MoreRelatedThe Australian Health Care System1347 Words   |  6 PagesTHE AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system in the whole world. Our Health System is shaped around many factors including; age, race, health, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds, health history and location. There are many facets of the Australian Health care System. It doesn’t just include the local doctor; there are many other services that are a part of a larger network. There are many governing bodies that enable the policyRead MoreEssay On Apn Law1022 Words   |  5 PagesSignature: _Drashti Jani_ Introduction With the baby boomers aging, the need for primary care providers has been in high demand now more than ever. To care for seventy million baby boomers, our country needs adequate medical staff to provide services which is why Advanced Practice Nurses (APN) play a key role and are given more autonomy now than ever to supply for the high demand (Barnes, 2015). APN’s provide care for patients that require chronic disease management as well as preventive medicineRead MoreNursing Informatics For The American Nurses Association ( Ana )1214 Words   |  5 Pagesthat draw directly on their clinical experiences and informatics knowledge together. This helps to ensure adequate and qualified support of clinician objectives and industry best practices (MIMSS, 2015). Clinical informatics can serve in multiple roles but is dependent on the healthcare organization. This profession evaluates the existing systems in place and based on their assessment how to improve the system. They also trai n staff on system use and troubleshoot Issues within the system. ConsumerRead MoreDcp Research Paper882 Words   |  4 Pagesclassified as primary care shortage areas. These regions, official labeled Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs), fail to maintain a sufficient talent pool of primary care providers as outlined by federal guidelines. According to a report issued by the Kaiser Foundation, Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) have the potential to fill this void. As of 2012, approximately 127,000 APNs deliver treatment in the country and 60,400 of those practitioners server as primary care providers (PCPs). AlthoughRead MoreHealthcare Reform From The Nurse Practitioner Perspective Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagescampaigned on the promise of national healthcare, but he was defeated. Harry Truman proposed it thirty years later but the plan was vigorously opposed by American Medical Association (AMA) as socialized medicine (Palmer, 2010). As a Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) who has been practicing for more than a year, an advanced nurse with a Master of Science in Administration for ten years, a military nurse leader for twenty years, and a home health and ICU nurse for more than twenty – five years, I agreeRead MoreThe Role Of Nurse Practitioners1687 Words   |  7 PagesThe nurse practitioner role was established not only to elevate the nursing profession but to fill a void in underserved areas in need of medical care. For over fifty years, nurse practitioners have provided both care to those in need and seen their profession practice flourish. Today’s nurse practitioners are facing a growing emphasis to be utilized more effectively and to the full extent of their knowledge and skill. Nurse practitioners play a pivotal role in achieving many of the goals establishedRead MoreDp Nurse Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesHow Family Nurse Practitioners with a DNP Degree Empower Patients and Families Soon-to-be Family Nurse Practitioners may find it exhilarating that the medical field is transitioning toward Patient and Family-Centered Care (PFCC). [1] The construct builds on the basic needs of patients and their families, which includes information, emotional support, and togetherness. The philosophy revolves around tenets of respect, information sharing, collaboration, and participation. PFCC practices aid nursesRead MoreMy Clinical Placement For The University Hospital s Internal Medicine Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesFoundation. The purpose of this paper is to explore practice setting of the internal medicine and role of my preceptor. Practice Setting The Internal Medicine providers offer comprehensive diagnostic and primary care services to general population. The providers are involved in treating complex medical problems, the diagnosis and treatment of both acute and chronic illnesses, gynecological care, urgent care, and minor surgery. The staff members, demographics of patient population, payers system, andRead MoreIn 2010, The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act1514 Words   |  7 PagesAffordable Care Act (PPACA) has turned into law which impacts the health care system, expands the nurse’ role, and alters the practice of nursing and patient care delivery. The reform has shifted more nursing jobs from the acute care facilities to the communities’ settings. PPACA stresses in three new care delivery models, which include: Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), Medical Homes, and Nurse-Managed Health Clinics. The ACO is a concept that a complex of health care professionals, primary careRead MoreThe Role Of Physicians And Nurse Practitioners758 Words   |  4 Pages Mid level providers such as a nurse practitioners are important primary health care providers for the US health care industry. With the shortage of physicians predicted by 2025 of a shortage of 90,000 (Lenny Bernstein, 2015), the need for mid level practitioners are essential. Nurse practitioners are capable of providing safe and effective patient care (Pauline, Chen., 2013). According to Pauline Chen, (2013), physicians believed they â€Å" provided higher-quality care† (para 10) compared to nurse practitioners

Analysis Of The Movie Brooklyn - 1589 Words

Eilis leaves Ireland with the clothes on her back and a single trunk of clothes in her hand. For her, America is a shining beacon of opportunity. The movie Brooklyn (2015) captures the emotional struggle of wondering where home is. Eilis feels her heart is in Ireland while her body is in Brooklyn; characters such as Tony help bring her heart over to America. Film is a wonderful tool to describe the world, whether in the present, past, or future sense. The movie Brooklyn is an era specific piece that beautifully tells the story of a woman immigrating to America from Ireland; but there’s always more than what meets the eye to a movie. A good source of reference to those who want to be able to see further into movies is Filmish by Edward†¦show more content†¦The movie forces this reaction on the viewers by setting up Miss Kelly’s character as rude and insensitive. This interaction subconsciously disconnects any positive emotions about Ireland laid out before in th e movie. The audience is being roped into the arc of the story. Over the course of the movie, words are a powerful force, â€Å"yet for all their power, language and voice are fragile forces. [... they] control our perceptions of the world as much as it liberates us† (Ross, 107). In the case of Brooklyn, Ireland and the letters coming from it are chaining Eilis down. The first letter that she receives from home causes Eilis to breakdown. She cries to herself in her room at home, but the pain lingers into the next day and she cries while on duty at work. Her body is going to live in America, but her heart is at home. Cinematically the ship acts as a transition from Ireland to America. Even the color scheme of the movie changes from dull browns in Ireland to reds and greens when she arrives in America. The very first night on the ship is hell for Eilis. In a moment of naivety, she eats the soup that is for dinner. A storm angrily stirs the ocean, sending the boat into a rocking frenzy. This caused the contents of Eilis’ stomach to make a reappearance. She becomes visibly paler, almost to the point of looking like a ghost and her hair has been matted down from her sweat. Her body is rackedShow MoreRelatedDo the Right Thing Film Analysis1096 Words   |  5 PagesRight Thing Film Analysis â€Å"Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral. It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all.†(Martin Luther King Jr.). Violence and racism are both important motifs in, Do the Right Thing (Lee, 1989). They are prominent in almost every scene of the film and lead to the climax when Radio Raheem is killed by the police. Spike Lee used many different directorial techniques in his movie. Heat and music wereRead MoreDo The Right Thing?1388 Words   |  6 Pagescreative yet simplistic aggression in the movie â€Å"Do the Right Thing† lends itself a strength that is necessary in tackling controversial issues such as racial prejudice. Spike Lee, a known genius in the art of film directing, eloquently shaped the story so that the audience is able to see the dynamics of a multi-racial community without holding any bars. Lee advocated for a society that is more open to constructive conversations about so cial embargos. This movie was a daring platform that shows justRead MoreEssay about Developing My Critical Thinking Skills997 Words   |  4 Pagesfor exams and ended up in a bad place part-way through the semester. Thats when you offered an extra-credit assignment that required an analysis on Do The Right Thing. This e-mail is to express my deep gratitude for giving me any credit at all. I recently revisited the movie-- and my analysis -- and it was actually appalling at how poorly developed my analysis was. Instead of analyzing why Spike Lee would portray his characters in a specific way, I decided to analyze why I didnt like them, neglectingRead MoreSpike Lee: Do the Right Thing Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesJames Callahan COM 2010 4-22-11 Midterm Analysis Revise Cinematography helps Spike Lee to Do the Right Thing In Spike Lee’s film Do the Right Thing, we dive head first into a world of racial and social ills. The movie is set in the African American and Puerto Rican neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, on the hottest day of the year. We follow a young man named Mookie, who lives with his sister Jade, and works as a pizza delivery guy for a local pizzeria owed by Sal. Sal’s â€Å"WallRead MoreFinding Forrester1735 Words   |  7 PagesFinding Forrester: An Analysis Introduction Finding Forrester is one of the best movies to come out during its time. It was focused on the story of boy who is looking for a role model and finding it in the most unexpected place and the most unexpected person. The movie tells about the journey not just of Jamal Wallace but also of the journey of William Forrester especially during the last few years of his life. It was a story that presented life in its beginning and its ending and how the two areRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Penney Corporation Inc.1042 Words   |  5 Pagesand quality as we enhance the quality of her life by being Bigger, and Bolderâ€Å". The Companies main target market is the middle class/income generating people, mainly women who visit store about once in every 2 to 3 weeks for their needs. Financial Analysis Competitive Market of J.C. Penney J.C Penney Co. has many competitors like Macy’s, Kohl’s and Sears, as they are the largest retail outlets in market. J.C Penney Co. was also one of the popular retail stores, which had a loyal following becauseRead MoreBaseball is the National Pastime1051 Words   |  5 Pagesthe All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, made famous in the movie League of their Own. (Lesko, J. 2005) When the Servicemen returned home after the war Baseball was also at the forefront of the modern Civil Rights movement. Jackie Robinson entered the league with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, as the first Black player in the sport. (Schackelford Jul 4, 2009) This has also been documented in the recent movie â€Å"42†, Jackie’s first year in the Major Leagues. This number 42 is celebratedRead MoreJackie Robinson5168 Words   |  21 Pagesmotivation? While Robinson was the first Negro player to break into the ranks of professional baseball, it can be argued that he was not the first to attempt the undertaking. In actuality, Jackie possibly was not even the first player the Brooklyn Dodgers’ organization considered for the job. The Warner Brothers film, 42, The Jackie Robinson Story (2013), highlights the accomplishments of Jackie and rightfully so, as he was an amazing man. The story actually starts prior to 1947 andRead MoreInvestigating How Genre and Narrative are Established in Oceans Eleven and The Bone Collector1551 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigating How Genre and Narrative are Established in Oceans Eleven and The Bone Collector In order to examine how genre and narrative is established in two crime films, we conducted a close textual analysis of Ocean’s Eleven and The Bone Collector to find out the main conventions. The main conventions of the crime genre are law enforcers, criminals and action sequence. There are also other signifers such as criminals and etc. You can find typical iconography in theRead MoreAnalysis Of Pariah, Directed And Written By Dee Rees Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesand misunderstood because of the misconception that being gay is different and deserves different treatment. However, there are efforts being made daily by the community in order to educate people and ease their fears. The purpose of the following analysis is to deconstruct how people who fought back while growing up realizing they are apart of community help shaped and/or will shape them to become strong roles for LGBT people around the world. In this paper, I will examine how women of color

Mainstreaming Of Children With Disabilities - 1286 Words

Mainstreaming of Children with Disabilities One of the most important factors in a well, social functioning child with a disability is education. Proper education will offer a child the opportunity to be successful on a higher level than a child without an education. When a child enters the school system they are entering in an environment that is unfamiliar and challenging. Children with physical disabilities and lack of full cognitive reasoning, sense their differences around other children. According to Welsh, Parke, Widaman, O’Neil, 2001; â€Å"Social ability can have a significant impact on a child’s academic success in the classroom†. Social skills are a very important factor when it comes to educating children with disabilities. Lack of social skills could show feelings of anxiety and depression which will affect their learning. A child with anxiety and or depression would probably be noticeable to other children causing social awkwardness. Physica l disabilities can also be a social challenge in any setting, curiosity of the unknown by surrounding children can present insecurities for a child with a physical disability. This may cause a child to retreat from social activities, because they fear the questions, staring and difference of treatment. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H.W. Bush. This act was modeled after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis ofShow MoreRelatedEducational Education And Special Education1556 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities, 89% of children with moderate learning difficulties, 24% of children with severe learning difficulties and 18% of children with profound multiple learning difficulties are educated in mainstream schools. Something so prevalent must surely be effective. However, that is not always the case. It’s disheartening watchin g these mainstreamed students struggle socially and academically. Either looked over or coddled by general educationRead MoreMainstreaming : The Influence Of Inclusion Based Education1586 Words   |  7 PagesMainstreaming: The Influence of Inclusion-Based Education According to the Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities, 89% of children with moderate learning difficulties, 24% of children with severe learning difficulties and 18% of children with profound multiple learning difficulties are educated in mainstream schools. A practice so prevalent must surely be effective. However, that is not always the case. It’s disheartening watching these mainstreamed students struggle socially and academicallyRead MoreBenefits Of Mainstreaming Students With Disabilities Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesyears and have been set back in each IEP (Individualized Educational Plan) on what would benefit the child. Not enough students with disabilities are being mainstreamed so they can experience the full capacity of their learning stages. It is important for all individuals involved to understand the pros and cons associated with placing a student with disabilities into a normal classroom with everyday students. Allowing students the opportunity to learn with and from their peers allows students toRead MoreShould Special Needs Children Be Mainstreamed?1183 Words   |  5 PagesMany argue whether special needs children should be mainstreamed. Mainstreaming is when a school puts children with special needs into classrooms with their peers who have no disabilities (Masters in Special Education Degree Program Guide). Inclusion is a term which expresses the commitment to educate each child, to maximization extent appropriate, in the school and classroom that he or she would otherwise attend (Wisconsin in Education Association Council). Special education is a term used in theRead MoreEducating Students With Children With Disabilities969 Words   |  4 PagesMainstreaming in Education â€Å"We must understand that inclusion is first and foremost a philosophy. It is a mindset and a belief that everyone has value and something to contribute. It is a willingness to see the ability in everyone and match skill with challenge. It is an understanding that what our programs really provide at their heart is the opportunity to build relationships, learn who we are, and develop skills†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Friedman, 2014) Mainstreaming, one of the most controversial topics in the educationRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Orders1729 Words   |  7 PagesThe Individuals With Disabilities Education Act orders all states to give disabled students a free and appropriate education. Many schools in the United States mainstream disabled students and have succeeded in properly educating them, along with creating a safe environment where they are socially comfortable and accepted. However, there are too many incidents where teachers improperly handle these students and administrators do not give enough money to fund adequate supplies for these students.Read MoreMainstreaming Special Needs Children1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe Positive Advantages to Mainstreaming Special Needs Children In an ideal world all children would be born without disabilities. This idea is not possible though and sometimes children are born with special needs. The child could have only one disability or several. A disability can be mild and treated with medication or the disability can be severe and the child will need constant supervision. Once the child becomes of age to attend school, the issue of whether or not to place the child in aRead MoreMainstreaming : The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion Based Education1452 Words   |  6 PagesMainstreaming: The Pros and Cons of Inclusion-Based Education Picture this: a special education student is placed into a general education classroom because of a new bill the district has passed recently. They are forced to adapt to the new, more arduous curriculum that they have never been exposed to before. They have to make new friends, new study habits, new choices. Would you want your child’s education to be jeopardized because a set of impractical politicians think they know what is bestRead MoreWhy Special Needs Students Should Be Mainstreamed1282 Words   |  6 Pagesneeds students should be mainstreamed What is Mainstreaming? According to (Mainstreaming: The Special Needs Child Goes to School), Mainstreaming means that the special needs child attends a regular classroom along with students who are his or her actual (not development) age. Mainstreaming means that the child is not kept isolated in a special class, away from peers, but is included just like everyone else. Most children that have physical disabilities, learning difficulties, or emotional issuesRead MoreSpecial Education : The Issue Within The Classroom1357 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity to receive a quality education†. That statement could reflect what the general public owes to all children, an opportunity to achieve their potential. So it is vital to make the most ideal learning environment for that to happen. That is the reason educators propose to continue implementing self-contained classes, commonly referred to as Special Education classes as opposed to mainstreaming for the academic portion of a scho ol day. Special education classes consist of 1 teacher to five and a

What is an Eating Disorder Free Essays

string(51) " girls compared to that of the early 20th Century\." There are different types of eating disorders and while they are all different, in many ways they also have a lot in common. An eating disorder may develop out of a simple diet. Some people, to relieve tension or depression will go on a binge. We will write a custom essay sample on What is an Eating Disorder? or any similar topic only for you Order Now A binge is eating a lot of food in a very short time until uncomfortably full. Although the binges relieve some tension, they also cause disgust, guilt, and concern about weight gain which will lead a person to purge after their binges. A purge is a way to compensate for all the extra calories by vomiting, excessive exercise, fasting, or using laxatives. It causes rapid gain and loss of weight, feelings of inadequacy, and an obsession with food. Binge Eating Disorder, Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa are the most common forms of eating disorders. Binge-Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa are considered mental disorders because people with these disorders do not feel like they are in control of their eating behaviour. If a person binges more than twice a week, it is considered Binge-Eating Disorder. The combination of bingeing and purging is called Bulimia Nervosa. Anorexia, although still considered a mental disorder is more controlled, with the person either taking very small amounts of food or starving themselves to remain thin. It is estimated that 0.5 to 1% of women in late adolescence develop anorexia. It is most common between the ages of 10 and 30 and 90% of the cases are women. However, cases are increasing for men, minorities, older women and pre-teens. There are children as young as 8 showing concerns and behaviours around food, and up to 50% of these youngsters are boys. Anorexia is associated with feelings and behaviours related to the fear of â€Å"fatness†. These feelings include poor body image, a phobia about food and its ability to create fatness, and an intense fear of being a normal body weight. People with anorexia have not lost their appetite. They are very hungry indeed. They think about food all the time, want to be close to it – give it to others. What they don’t do is allow themselves to succumb to their desire for food. Like all compulsive disorders, the roots of anorexia lie in deep anxiety, the sense that not only is life out of control, running away too fast, but that their ability to cope with life and all its demands is poor. Given these fears, it is all too easy for an individual to turn to the control of food and weight to gain some kind of control over their existence. Typically anorexia starts when a young person feels overweight. This may be because they have gained a little more weight than average at puberty, or have slim friends with whom they compare themselves. A decision to go on a diet may be triggered by a specific event such as a comment or remark from a peer. The diet is most usually the first ever tried and it is initially quite successful, giving the young person a real sense of achievement at an otherwise insecure time of life. There may initially be approval from friends or members of the family which is a positive form of attention. The anorexic never starts off intending to starve themself into emaciation. They just feels that life will be better if they lost a few pounds – which it is for a while. At some point in the diet there is a subtle psychological change – which is not experienced by normal dieters – and dieting actually becomes more intense as the diet progresses and the target weight is near. The dieting behaviour goes underground so that it can become a private secret rather than a public activity and strategies are developed to convince â€Å"others† that eating is taking place when in fact it is not. This requires a great deal of craftiness such as throwing food away, finding ways to get rid of it off a plate at mealtimes, or pretending to already have eaten. Hence by the time that weight loss is noticeable to the family, the anorexia is already well under way. In their own private eating world, the person developing anorexia will become very â€Å"ritualised† around food. This may take the form of eating fractions of portions of food at specific times of the day, – like one third of an apple – or eating the crusts around a sandwich but not the middle. They will toy with their food, cut it up into tiny pieces and eat them very slowly. Even non-fattening foods will be feared. Many anorexics weigh themselves several times each day. An anorexic can panic if they show a small change in weight after eating one lettuce. The physical effects of anorexia are mostly connected with the effects of starvation on the body: * menstruation stops(in women) * breathing, pulse and blood pressure rates plummet * mild anaemia occurs * osteoporosis * impaired kidney function * infertility * immune system fails to fight infection * physical weakness * sensitivity to heat and cold. * erosion of the teeth from acid in the stomach due to vomiting * as body weight falls to low levels the anorexic may be covered with a fine downy hair * ulcers and rough skin on legs and feet due to poor circulation * digestive problems as a result of starvation * constipation which makes the abdomen feel dense and large. * Bone loss as a result of under nourishment * shrinkage of the reproductive organs in both men and women * destruction of areas of the brain which are responsible for endocrine production. The most significant feature of anorexia is denial of the disease and anorexics are typically very intelligent people with a great deal of academic ability. Although there are several theories as to the causes of anorexia, it is increasing partly due to cultural changes and social pressure and development in food and nutrition, leading to an early maturation of young girls compared to that of the early 20th Century. You read "What is an Eating Disorder?" in category "Papers" (Phillip W. Long, M.D.1999 NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health)) Social Cultural Theory It is understandable that anorexia hardly exists in third world countries where there is barely enough food for survival and where fatness is regarded as a sign of affluence. It is also rare in countries which have sufficient food but which do not see slimness as a sign of sexual attractiveness. However, in the developed countries where there is a tendency to associate fatness with negative attributes such as lower social or economic status and personal inadequacy, anorexia is on the increase. In countries where it’s perfectly normal to be big, everyone is the same so it doesn’t matter. As different cultures start to integrate and live in Western societies, the pressures to look like their counterparts leads them to have a low self-esteem of themselves. Young white women and girls faced with thin and beautiful white celebrities long to be like them — it would make sense to think that young Black and Hispanic women and girls, when faced with beautiful and thin cel ebrities, such as popstars and models sharing the same culture might also wish to achieve the same physical goals.( Furnham Alibhai 1983) In addition, race discrimination in the professional job market may contribute to their low self-worth and desire to be loved and accepted. Those pursuing professions or activities that emphasise thinness, like modelling, gymnastics, dancing, singing, athletes, filmstars and wrestling are more susceptible to anorexia. Even today’s men in the entertainment business are of a more muscular, slender build compared to the extremely skinny or bulkier type of years ago. While girls wish to attain a specific size, men who become anorexic are likely to have had a specific role model in mind – usually a sportsman or a rock star, when they begin to diet. Too much emphasis is being made on fashion being thin and the numerous diet pages in magazines and teenage literature. (About Face Organisation’s Website) Environmental Theory Another social theory to the cause of anorexia could be family surroundings. The typical anorexic comes from a â€Å"perfect on the outside† family. The parents are often older and are reported by the child as demanding, placing emphasis on their educational or athletic achievements instead of them as a person. This is the parent’s attempt of showing love. They feel that if they were to gain 99% in a test, they would be held accountable for not having got it all right. Their own body becomes their greatest achievement. Getting anorexia could be an unconscious choice, but by showing rigid control of their body and not eating with their family, the anorexic demonstrates independence in the only way they can. As a result, looking back on their early life, many anorexics remember growing up trying to please others and meet their expectations. They usually succeed, since many are high achievers and good students, anxious to please their parents or teachers and earn their approval. These are the children who are described by teachers as well behaved and conscientious, never causing trouble or disruption at school, and never giving their parents any of the usual forms of adolescent rebellion, such as rudeness or defiance. Evaluation These ideas show that it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the social pressures of being a young person in today’s society can be associated with the onset of anorexia so if today’s culture is a risk factor for anorexia, and wanting to be thinner precipitates the illness, why is it that out of all the women and girls who diet at some time in their lives, only some go on to become anorexic? A youngster growing up in a strict family with high expectations feels that she has no control over herself as her parents are taking away her independence and are basically mapping her life out for her. The only thing left is her body, so she uses this to control what she eats as an achievement of her independence. This can backfire on the anorexic, making the parents more overbearing than before. Biomedical theory Genetic factors Eating disorders appear to run in families–with female relatives most often affected. This finding suggests that genetic factors may make some people prone to eating disorders. Female family members of women suffering from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa develop eating disorders at rates up to 12.3 times higher than those of women who have never suffered from an eating disorder. Also, women who have sons or brothers that have had anorexia are also more likely to get this eating disorder themselves. Recent research looks at newborns of mothers with a history of eating disorders, and presents evidence that these babies also have characteristics that appear to put them at risk of having similar problems.( Dr. Michael Strober, lead author of the study and director of the Eating Disorders Program at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute). Twins too showed a genetic tendency to develop the same disorder, with identical twins being 55% more prone to the disease than non – id entical twins at 7%. Biochemistry In an attempt to understand eating disorders, scientists have studied the biochemical functions of people with the illnesses. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain which controls the body’s neuroendocrine system — the part which regulates the multiple functions of the mind and body, such as sexual behaviour and emotional arousal, physical growth and development, appetite and digestion, kidney function, heart, sleep, thinking and memory. An experiment on rats in the 1940’s identified the hypothalamus as playing a crucial part in eating behaviour. It was discovered that abnormalities in the lower- central region of the hypothalamus, the VMH (Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus) caused the stop-eating signals to cease working so that the rats became extremely obese (Teitelbaum 1967). In the same way that the VMH inhibits eating, there is a part that stimulates eating, the LH (Lateral Hypothalamus). If this is damaged, it would cause the rat to starve. Opioid Addiction Opioids are substances that are produced naturally in the brain when under stress. Their job is to relieve pain and give pleasure. As self-starvation leads to stress for the body and the release of opioids, this gives the person a feeling of being high. Anorexics tend to exercise excessively as both starving and vigorous exercise produce high levels of endorphins in the brain. It could therefore be argued that anorexics become addicted to that â€Å"high† thus becoming addicted to their own opioids. Evaluation Firstly, it is very rare for the sons to get an eating disorder before the mothers, as it is generally young women with no children who are at risk. Secondly, if there is just as high a risk of anorexia if a brother has had an eating disorder as there is with a son, the answer must lie in a defective chromosome of the male which should be easy enough to rectify, given modern medicine today. Could it be possible that there was a stress factor that ran through the family that increased the risk anyway and a combination of the two factors led to an increased risk? Surely, as well, a baby born to a woman with these sort of disorders is going to be at risk of a number of things when he is growing up. Apart from being nutritionally deprived whilst in the womb(which might cause a number of neurological problems) there must be some sort of emotional problems living in that kind of environment. The bio-medical theory sounds the most understandable. As with all mental health problems the change in brain chemistry can cause the different parts of the brain to malfunction leading to all manner of psychoses. The only query is: does starving oneself cause physical changes in the brain, or are the chemical changes in the brain responsible for the eating disorder? Alternative Theories to the Causes for Anorexia Psychoanalytic Theory Puberty for women is seen by psychologists to be a time of change and the hormones of puberty create body fat in women and the girl is reminded by her bodily changes that she is becoming a woman. There is also a big change in the age of puberty, which used to be at 18 years and is now occurring at 10, 11 and 12. Girls are experiencing their sexuality at an age where they appear to lack the emotional equipment to handle it so early puberty is linked with self- destructive behaviour in girls. Some researchers believe that anorexia is an attempt to stop the clock – to avoid growing up and becoming a woman and to avoid the problems that maturity brings. Evaluation This is arguable as – are all young girls aware that their periods will stop when they starve themselves, and how long is it before they realise that the bust is less affected by weight loss than other parts of the body. This theory does not take male anorexics into account. Learning Theory When a young person feels they need to lose a bit of weight, sometimes due to remarks from peers or the opposite sex, they go on a diet. As the weight starts to drop off, appraisal replaces the remarks. This leads to the desire to lose more weight which in turn leads to more attention. The diet soon escalates out of proportion and before long the positive attention turns to a more concerned attention. The anorexic enjoys this attention, whatever the kind and sees their behaviour as a way of being liked and being popular. This behaviour is carried on sometimes until the need for intervention by the medical authorities, which then sees the anorexic receiving attention and concerns from everyone around them, including their families. Evaluation This explanation is quite arguable as it is usually an unconscious decision to start starving yourself – the intention was to lose just a few pounds. Anyway, lack of attention, which is the issue, from people or family when young could quite easily lead to over-eating or other forms of self-abuse. Treatments and Outcomes Early treatments for anorexia were based on behavioural and psychotherapeutic techniques. These treatments were largely unsuccessful in the long term. Anyhow weight gain alone is not the only goal of treatment. The â€Å"best outcomes† are with therapies that treat the whole individual, and provide a variety of approaches, nutritional, psychological, personal growth and relaxation therapies. Part of this process would include building self-esteem. For those anorexics who are too far gone for these therapies to benefit them, a stay in hospital will apply where they can be force-fed under the powers of the Mental Health Act, since severe emaciation destroys the ability to think rationally, thus making any form of therapy very hard to do. Anyway, many therapists believe that it is impossible to carry out psychotherapy with an anorexic person unless weight has first been restored. ( The National Centre For Eating Disorders August 1999). Medical Treatment Scientists have found that the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, (chemical messengers which control hormones in the brain) function abnormally in people affected by depression. Researchers funded by NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) have recently learned that these neurotransmitters are also decreased in extremely ill anorexia and bulimia patients and long-term recovered anorexia patients. Because many people with eating disorders also appear to suffer from depression, some scientists believe that there may be a link between these two disorders. In fact, new research has suggested that some patients with anorexia may respond well to the antidepressant medication fluoxetine which affects serotonin function in the body. Cognitive Treatment Treatment of anorexia is often a long, drawn – out duration, requiring a combination of cognitive and analytic interpretative techniques to explore the past, identifying the underlying cause of the maladaptive behaviour. For older women personal therapy works best whereas family therapy is especially helpful for adolescent patients as every member of the family can understand what the patient is going through (Murray et al., 1997). Anorexia can be fatal if left untreated. About one fifth of people with anorexia recover,   a further two fifths gain weight but develop other problems with eating such as bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder. About one third of sufferers remain anorexic, with only one aim in life – to stay thin.   Death rates in long term anorexics are as high as ten percent, usually due to heart failure in the case of bulimic anorexia, suicide or lack of resistance to illness. How to cite What is an Eating Disorder?, Papers

Threat faced by Finance & Accounting Professional-Free-Samples

Question: Explain the various threats which can be faced by a Finance and Accounting professional, working as an auditor, consultant or an employee in an organisation. Answer: Introduction This assignment is about the professionals of accounting, in this assignment we are going to discuss about various aspects of the ethical issues that is faced by the auditors, accountants or the consultants of the organization(Ittelson, 2010). Financial accounting is all about preparing financial statements of an organization that shows the financial position to the investors, governments, general public, potential investors, competitors of an organization. Every organization in this world whether operating its business on a small scale, medium scale or a large scale is required to prepare financial statements as it comes under a compulsory legal laws(Helfert, 2016). Every organization in this world is liable to prepare and maintain its financial statement. The financial statements are made by professional accountants or auditors, these financial statements cannot be verified and published until it is thoroughly checked and signed by an auditor or an accountant(Fridson, 2014). These statements are sometimes contains false information to show an organization more profitable than it actually is. So in this assignment we are going to discuss about these ethical issues. The financial statements are of various types and all these are need to be prepared by an organization, these statements are; Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement and Statement of Retained Earnings(Tracy, 2013). Critical Analysis Financial statements are the statements that show the financial standing of an organization to the outer world. Sometimes these statements are prepared with wrong intentions of showing an organization much more profitable than its actual position, this is done in order to raise more and more of capital from the market(Brodersen, 2014). There have been so many cases worldwide of this kind of fraud by many big business organizations. These kinds of organizations do not believes in any ethics, all they want and do is to loot people by preparing false or untrue financial statements(Fraser, 2012). An accountant or an auditor or a finance consultant is the peoples that are so experienced in preparing these statements that only one accountant can prepare false statements for an organization and no one can make a mistake in such statements for years. However not every accountant, auditor or consultant are corrupt or under the influence of graft. Some work with all their ethics and believes in only ethical working(Fabozzi, 2013). Such kind of accountants, auditors, consultant has to face different threat and ethical issues(Epstein, 2016). An accountant or an auditor whosoever is preparing a financial statement for an organization must keep in mind the ethics of doing right and lawful act while preparing the financial statements, sometimes it is the organization itself that wants their accountants to prepare the financial statement and do not disclose the facts of loss so that it does not lose its market share by the true disclosure of the facts. There are different types of ethical issues that are faced by the accountants or auditors in an organization while preparing the financial statements of a firm(Lister, 2016): Fraud in Financial Reporting: The burden from management on the accountant to not to or to misstate the financial transactions of the organization so that it does not shows any inflow or outflow of the cash, or recording of some transactions that are not as per the accounting principles. Misappropriation of Assets: It is the misuse of the assets of the organization in a way that it incurs losses for the organization. Management puts burden on the accountants or the auditors to not to disclose any misappropriation of the assets. Disclosure: Another ethical issue that is faced by the accountants or the auditors by the management of an organization is to not to disclose or to disclose wrong information to effect the decisions of investors. Any person who wants to invest will always invest in an organization that is earning good money, so financial statements are the tools in the hands of the investors to judge the profitability of the organization. By false disclosures an organization can attract a large number of investors and their money. Cases of Financial Statement Frauds In the year 1998, an organization that was based in Houston, reported fake earnings of around 2 billion US dollars. All this was done in order to raise money from the investors. The companys auditor increased the depreciation on the property, plants and equipments of the organization. The main guilty personalities in this case were founder and the CEO Dean. L Buntrock along with his top executives and their auditor Arthur Anderson(Degree, 2017). Another Houston based organization in the year 2001 committed a fraud due to which the shareholder of the organization lost their 74 billion US dollars. The organization and its accountant did not disclose the high debts of the organization because of which its position always shown in profits. This fraud not only left the investors in the lose but also took the jobs of many innocent employees of the same organization. Conclusion Here is a brief and a concise conclusion has been provided. Ethical issues in accounting are not new, while there are many accountants or auditors that fall for greed and ignore all the ethics of preparing financial reports then there comes the ones who always put forward their ethics and becomes whistleblower to put an end on the fraud practices of the organizations. The accountants or the auditors must follow their ethics as no fraud or false disclosure can remain safe for a long period of time. In the case of the 1rst Houston company the former CEO and auditor made fraud while the later newly recruited team found out the fraud and reported it to the higher authorities which resulted in the penalty on the CEO of 437M US dollars. So the final conclusion is all the accountants and the auditors or the financial consultants should follow their ethics and must not let the management to come in between their work and ethics. Bibliography Brodersen, P. P. (2014). Warren Buffett Accounting Book. Degree, A. (2017, January 23rd). AccountingDegree. Retrieved March 25th, 2018, from AccountingDegree.com: https://www.accounting-degree.org/scandals/ Epstein, L. (2016). Reading financial reports. The Accounting Review , 2. Fabozzi, F. J. (2013). Analysis of Financial Statements. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory , 7. Fraser, A. O. (2012). Understanding Financial Statements. KMF Publishers. Fridson, M. (2014). Financial Statement Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide. Marshley Printing Press. Helfert, E. (2016). Techniques of Financial Analysis. Accounting Finance , 2. Ittelson, T. R. (2010). Financial Statements: A Step?by?step Guide to Understanding. SYdney: J.L Printing and Press. Lister, J. (2016, Feburary 25th). Chron. Retrieved March 2018, from Chron.com: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ethical-issues-facing-accounting-profession-18307.html Tracy, J. A. (2013). How to read a financial report : wringing vital signs out of the numbers. Accounting Horizons , 5.

Civics Essay Example For Students

Civics Essay The Womens Civil Rights MovementWomens struggle for equal right has not been an easy or short road. All throughout U.S. history women have been fighting for their rights and for the rights of others. Women have organized and fought their way through legislatures, congressional obstacles and have faced ridicule and indifference. It was a long and uphill battle. It meant defiance of laws and customs that had been accepted from the time of the first settlements, some of the discriminations women were fighting against were women were not permitted to speak at public meeting, women were denied the right to vote. Women did not have a free choice of courses or education. Women could not keep ownership of property when they married. Women could be beaten legally by their overlords- their husbands. Women joined and fought by picketing, protesting, parading, campaigning demanding that women be given the same rights as men. Some of the women involved in this movement were Elizabeth Cady St5anton, who was called the Mother of the Womens Suffrage Movement. She organized the Womans Rights Covention of 1747. She was a leader in the fight for womens rights to own property and for divorce laws more favorable to women. Lucy Sten, who was the first woman in Massachusetts to earn a college degree. Susan B. Anthony. She devoted her life to the temperance movement, (against alcohol) and the abolition cause (against slavery). She fought for women and black males to have the right to vote. She was arrested when she attempted to vote in Rochester, New York local elections.We built the Womens rights movement into a national organization. Carrie Chapman Latt, was the president of the National American Womans Suffrage (NAWSA)Victoria Woodhill fought for Womens freedom in economy on Wall Street, in Congress and in the Whitehouse. She was the first of many to appear before Congress to plead for and demand the rights of American Women. In 1920 Women earned the right to vote, many of these women did not survive to see it. It took 70 years to get the vote. In the roaring twenties women emerged flamboyant, defiant, and independent. Such a young liberated woman was known as a flapper. Women have fought hard in their battle for equality with men. The strong push for equal opportunity for women took place on local, state, and national levels. Women used the following procedures in their quest;they used the courts for litigation. they set up public meetings to educate the public, they lobbied legislators and candidates. they secured editorial and civic leader support, they organized at the national, state, and local levels. The following federal laws that protect women were the result:Social Security Act (1935) and amendments provide for monthly retirement and disability to male and female workers and for survivors benefits to dependents of workers male and female covered by the system. Unemployment insurance is managed jointly by the federal and state governments. Benefits are paid for loss of job through no fault of either male or female employees. Benefits vary from state to state. This is part of the Social Security System that began making payments in 1937. Fair Labor Standard Act (1938) guarantees minimum wage and overtime pay for men women employed in businesses that fall under federal regulation. Equal Pay Act of 1963 was the first federal law against sex discrimination in employment. It prohibits employers from discriminating between employees on the basis of sex by paying different wages for equal work requiring equal skills, effort, and responsibility, and performed under similar working conditions. .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b , .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .postImageUrl , .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b , .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b:hover , .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b:visited , .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b:active { border:0!important; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b:active , .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua97818df0a6005ace200962a97a72e0b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alexander the Great EssayTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it unlawful for any employer to fail or refuse to hire or discharge any individual or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to compensation, terms or conditions or privileges of employment because of such individuals race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. An amendment in 1978 prohibited discrimination in employment because of pregnancy._ Title VIIs administered by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which prohibited help wanted male and help wanted female advertisements. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 strengthened the powers of the EEOC t bring suits in court after and investigation. It includes widened coverage of the Civil Rights Act to embrace employees and unions of eight or more workers, employees of state and federal government, and employees of educational institutions. It protects employees against sexual harassment, such as unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Title IX Educational Act (Amendments) of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in any elementary, secondary, or post-secondary school if the institution receives any federal moneys, the implementation of this law has become a battle ground between liberals and conservatives. Retirement Equity Act (1974) known as the Womens bill provides a wife with retirement benefits after her husbands death. It also gives a wife limited pension benefits should the husband die before reaching retirement age. The government has identified several groups as being in need of special attention. These groups are women, Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Eskimos. Why women? As a minority of the population in the United States , women face many of the same obstacles as do minority group males. Legislation has created Affirmative Action. Affirmative action seeks to over come discrimination and the exclusion of women and minorities from hiring and promotion in public an private employment and from enrollment in colleges and professional schools. In some cases, quotas and preferential treatment were given to women, blacks and Hispanics. Federal laws and policies encourage the use of sex and race quotas as remedial devices in allocating jobs and educational opportunities. Many court cases have followed, dealing with hiring, promotion, wage policies , and seniority rights. Affirmative action is looked upon as a temporary policy until women and minorities gain foothol d in the economy. Other forms of discrimination reduced are: Membership in all-male clubs significantly reduced by the supreme court decision that forbade the exclusion of women from such organizations as Rotary and the Junior Chamber of Commerce. In the 1970s and 1980s many form of pregnancy discrimination- including denial of leave, loss of seniority, lack of medical coverage, and out right dismissal- were challenged, primarily in the courts, Under the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, women who decide to leave their jobs because of pregnancy lose nothing and may get payment for medical and hospital expenses. The law does not require women to remain on the job. Employers may not penalize women who become pregnant or who have a child. It also out laws the loss of seniority by women when they return to work after childbirth. Women have made enormous progress since the beginning of their battle. They have fought, earned and worked for every right that they have gained. Today women have equality when it come to dealing with the laws and public discrimination, the only boundaries left to be broken are peoples opinions and their narrow minds. Some day maybe there will be equality for all and descrimination will be a word and concept of the past.