Leadership and Managed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Leadership and Managed - Essay Example Leadership is the ability to provide vision to the organization where as management is the ability to put that vision into practice thus managerial roles follow leadership and do not take precedence. The earlier literature on leadership suggested that leadership is a process which emerge out of the in-born capabilities of the leaders thus it was concluded that the leaders are born and cannot be developed however later research suggested otherwise and put forward different theories of leadership which attempted to define it in different contexts as compared to the old school of thought on the leadership. The subsequent theories put forward an entirely different interpretation of the leadership and recent thoughts on leadership seems to have borrowed much from the leadership concepts of Religion such as Christianity and Buddhism as the leaders are now considered as servants and not someone with the absolute authority of punishing and rewarding the employees. Leadership is one of the most important management concepts which have much different significance to the overall success of the business. It has always been argued that the success and failure of an organization largely depend upon the effectiveness of the leadership. The better the leadership is, the more successful the organization may be. Leadership is now considered as one of the most contempora... and emergence of leadership and in this regard various theories have also been put forward which attempted to define what leadership is and how it emerges. Based on these theories and processes, there emerged different leadership styles suited to different organizations at different time and the process continue to evolve as literature on organizational leadership has greatly improved in terms of its orientation as well as scope as the subsequent studies have defined leadership from multiple perspectives and from a larger view of the different organizational frameworks. This literature review will undertake a detailed overview of the concepts of management as well as leadership and how both differentiate from each other and how they corroborate with each other in order to achieve success for the organization. What is leadership There is an ambiguity surrounding what we perceive as leadership and this factor also lead us to difficulties in teaching leadership also.(Barker,1997). Leadership is considered as a revitalizing and energizing force that is critical to the success of the organization.(Frank, Gertz & Porter, 1996). Thus leadership is something upon which the success and failure of the organization is largely dependent. However, what actually leadership is and how it emerges is still an undecided question as many research studies have attempted to define leadership from different perspectives. Peter Druker defined leadership as something which has followers whereas John C Maxwell defined it as nothing but sheer influence. (Thorson, 2005). Leadership can also be defined as "Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leaders carry out this

A Danger to Fourth Amendment Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Danger to Fourth Amendment Rights - Essay Example This created controversy, where many individuals claimed that the Supreme Court did not follow the fourth amendment and increased the tension with minority communities (Deborah, 1997). Terry v Ohio (1962), addressed a number of reasonsin seizure and search activities. The court decided that it was legal for police to frisk, question and stop any person whom the law enforcement officers believed that he was acting suspiciously. This is referred to a lower standard than what the fourth amendment refers to a probable cause. Deborah (1997) claims that such frisking and question is against the Fourth Amendment rights while majority think that allowing seizures and searches was a serious blow against the fourth amendment, because it is less than a probable cause. Many seizures and searches are based on probable cause, and the Supreme Court has approved those that are suspicious. This was a serious blow to the Fourth Amendment because all these searches were based on less than a probable cause, while the amendment requires that all searches and seizures should have a probable cause. Additionally, the majority should have adopted Justice Douglas position because he disagrees with the court decision, and contends that the Fourth Amendment entails that every search and seizure to have a probable cause. He also goes ahead and explains that when the court decides to have an exception, then the Americans will lose their protection of privacy. However, despite his concern, Terry v Ohio (1962) law remains. Police are still allowed to question and frisk individuals who look suspicious without any reason or cause to believe they are involved in

Columbia Ave. Riots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Columbia Ave. Riots - Essay Example It seemed to be the only avenue open to them due to so many discriminatory laws and practices despite the passage of many laws outlawing black discrimination in social, political, and economic spheres of life. In other words, discrimination was back then and even until now a very persistent problem that defied easy solutions. The race riots in Philadelphia were caused by some black activists who hijacked the sentiments or resentments of black people against a lack of equality and used these for their own ends. The city of Philadelphia in the mid-twentieth century had been divided into the white Philadelphia (southern portion) and the black Philadelphia (northern portion). This division is not only geographic but also economic and ethnic because the white southern Philadelphia in many ways was vastly superior to its northern part. White people in the southern portion had a better life in terms of economic opportunities, nicer neighborhoods with less crime, and had a more than fair share of good-paying jobs. This situation can be contrasted with its southern counterpart which had cheap government housing, more crimes, and less jobs to be had. Philadelphia has a great tradition in American history as it was the preferred city of the countrys Founding Fathers who often met in this city. The Declaration of Independence was made in Philadelphia in 1776 as well as the signing of the American Constitution in 1787. It is known as a place of religious and racial tolerance because it welcomes successive waves of immigrants from Europe such as the Dutch, then the English, and then much later, Swedes. They were soon followed in the next century by the Scots, the Irish, and German immigrants. The next century saw new arrivals from southern and eastern Europe such as the Greeks, the Poles, Italians, and Hungarians. Philadelphia became the second-largest city on the eastern seaboard after New York City and rivals it in terms of ethnical

Contemporary issue in public health and health promotion Essay

Contemporary issue in public health and health promotion - Essay Example The most prevalent subtypes of the swine flu that were known were H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, and H3N1. Swine flu or the swine influenza virus is considered common in the world especially in places that have large pig populations. Since the virus originates in pigs, it is easy to get affected by the virus when a person is in constant contact with pigs. However, the virus transmission from the pigs to human is not common. Since the transmission of the virus from the pigs to humans is rare, there are minute chances of a human being suffering from human flu. This is due to the reaction of the body to the virus. With such a reaction, the virus will not result into human flu but will only release antibodies in the blood stream. Such a situation is commonly referred to as zoonotic swine flu. It is declared that people that are in constant contact with pigs are at a higher risk of contacting swine flu infection as compared to people that have rare contact with pigs. The first case of swine flu was reported in Scotland, shortly after a flight from Mexico on the 27th of April in 2009 (Gallagher, 2013:1). This case was diagnosed and reported to have strains of H1N1 virus (Gallagher, 2013:1). After this first cases, the infections spread across the world rapidly. By the 17th of May, more than a hundred cases of infection had been confirmed. This was a shocker to the whole world due to the way the cases were spreading in the whole world. Previously, it was considered that swine flu could only affect the people that are in constant contact with pigs. However, this was not the case after the confirmation of the first case of swine flu. In this situation, the swine flu infections were spreading from one person to another when there is close contact. This was a situation that led to outburst by many nations to ensure the spread of the swine flu was controlled and maintained at the lowest minimum (Great

The war in syria and its consequences on lebanon Research Paper - 1

The war in syria and its consequences on lebanon - Research Paper Example The armed opposition is an alliance of various groups, which were formed during the conflict to protect the civilian protestors and face off the government forces. This civil conflict has however progressed to become a regional problem, affecting other countries that have remained neutral to the domestic issues that are facing the country. As opposed to being an effort to eliminate Assad leadership in Syria, the conflict has graduated into a sectarian conflict, leading to emergence of Alawite government forces and pro-government militias made up of members of the Shia tribe (White 16). The opposition is dominated by members of the Sunni tribe, a situation that has led to an increase in foreign interference in the course of the war. For example, in 2013, the Hezbollah terrorist group joined the civil war to fight alongside government forces and defeat the Sunni dominated opposition forces. As the war progresses, its impacts have been felt beyond the borders of Syria, spilling to neighboring countries, which are currently, faced with major insecurity challenges. Lebanon, a country with the longest borderline with Syria is considered as one of the few neighboring countries that have significantly been affected by the civil war. As a result, the Syrian conflict has had significant security challenges to Lebanon as the fight has virtually spilt into the country. This has further affected the economy and the healthcare sector in the country as major basic and social amenities are suspended as has been witnessed in the war torn Syria (Dahi 12). Despite the ravaging ramification of the Syrian internal conflict, scholars have made little effort to bring to the fore its effects to peace and stability in neighboring countries. Efforts have concentrated on how the war has affected the social and economic stability of Syria and how the Assad and opposition

MULTINATIONAL CORP-EVOL & CUR ISSUE Movie Review - 1

MULTINATIONAL CORP-EVOL & CUR ISSUE - Movie Review Example The country’s policy maker on financial and economic matters, the Fed has adopted lax standards as pertains to trade and lending standards. The Fed had adopted a policy that would stir activity in the economy by increasing the leverage ratios for commercial banks and other financial institutions. The Banks took advantage of this policy by borrowing capital in bulk and use the capital to create massive amounts in subprime loans (Barnett). This made mortgages very affordable and many citizens opted to build or buy their house on a mortgage(s). The amount of household debt in the United States quadrupled by the time the housing bubble burst. In a bid to clamp down on the rogue nature of banks and avoid the housing debt from growing any further, the Fed tightened its policy on the banks’ leverage ratios. This adjustment would cause the commercial banks to increase the cost of financing mortgages. This proved to be a challenge for many Americans as the new repayment stipulations increased the cost of the mortgage by over 100%. Huge defaulters in payments had their property repossessed causing the burst of the housing bubble. This bubble was mainly triggered by the increase in disposable income for savings. During the 2000 to 2007 period, there was a great increase and growth in the global fixed income securities. This increase in disposable income encouraged the development of economic bubbles all over the world. As these factors came into play, each bubble burst one after the other as such a business model is not sustainable over time. This led to the overall decrease in the value of assets. When the fall in value occurred, most banks opted to cut back on lending leading to the credit crunch. This caused a general inability of consumers and governments to borrow stifling investment and consumption. This led to the general decrease in business for companies and corporates as demand considerably decreased (United States Financial Inquiry

Revolutions and insurgencies Essay Example for Free

Revolutions and insurgencies Essay Today and Tomorrow – 4th and 5th Generation Warfare The generational theory of warfare indicates a near orderly transformation of wars from the Napoleonic era to the present day, some what neatly divided into four eras. Levee en masse and the concept of nations at wars led to what is referred to as 1st generation warfare. On the other hand an age dominated by firepower spanning the First World War denotes the 2nd generation of wars, while 3rd Generation warfare includes and transcends the Second World War and was dominated by maneuver. Today’s warfare is the next generation of wars which are targeted at the opponents political will and not necessarily the military and are fought by a series of networks operating in tandem, political, social, economic and military. This era is being increasingly referred to as 4th Generation wars. (Hammes, 2004). 4th Generation warfare is one in which monopoly of the state over war has been broken by the non state actor, be it the Al Qaeda, the Tamil Tigers, Hezbollah or the Taliban. In some cases the state and the non state actor seem to be acting in tandem as the recent war in the Middle East denotes where the Hezbollah was considered by many as a proxy of Syria and Iran. This is one of the defining paradigms of 4th Generation war where the difference between the state and the non state seems to have been blurred. (Lind, 2004). Martin von Creveld also tends to support the premise set out hitherto fore by stating that unconventional wars waged against conventional forces are increasingly becoming the order of the day. (Creveld, 1991). The wars of the future are as per Creveld (1991) low intensity conflicts where tempo and intensity will be below that of conventional wars. Armies would increasingly have to tailor their resources to combat these types of conflicts as per Creveld (1991). This generational shift will evidently explain the emerging continuum of insurgencies which have transformed from massed revolutions of the 1940’s to network distributed conflicts of the 21st Century. This new revolution is thus replicating 4th and some would even argue 5th Generation warfare which is fought by non states and small groups, is driven by fundamentalist ideology and is technology fixated. The defining form of 4th Generation warfare is that the military has perhaps lost its primacy in waging wars and the state undoubtedly so. (Hammes, 2004). Thus the centre of gravity as is commonly understood in warfare and in the Clausewitzian trinity is no longer the military but the will of the people and the state to fight. (Hammes, 2004). Peters (1999) has also indicated these shifting trends where the American military which has invested so much in conventional weapons may find these irrelevant in wars of the future. This being the central theme, thus the targets become extremely diffused and are not necessarily military but include a series of possible networks within society such as political, economic, military, social and so on thereby ultimately impacting the mind of the populace to give up the fight. The Hezbollah and the Taliban have very well understood this theme. In the recent Lebanon war, Hezbollah rockets rained on civilian targets while the guerrillas were more attuned to take Israeli soldiers as prisoners. The Taliban is even more suave attempting to undermine the resolve of Western forces to wage war in Afghanistan by tactics such as kidnapping and hostage taking forcing states to accede to its demands. The United Nations is now planning to evolve a policy response for hostage taking such has been the impact of these unconventional means. The tactics used by the 4th Generation warrior to achieve his ends are innovative. The use of the small group is primary to success. In some cases even an individual terrorist can be used effectively to break the political will of the government and the people. The Madrid bombings would denote the most significant example of this new phenomenon which by targeting a large population and causing extensive casualties, the will of the government to fight a conventional war was effectively negated. The relevance of large groups operating in small nodes is also evident with Al Qaeda whose leaders have succeeded in remaining elusive for over half a decade even as the best technology and manpower seeks out Bin Laden across the globe achieving their aims with impunity across the globe. As per Creveld (1991), modern armed forces were organizationally and equipment wise not perfectly suited to fight such a war. Peters (1999) has also indicated that modern arms and armament may not be relevant to the wars of the future. What is of concern however is that conflict trends are already proliferating towards the next stage, 5th generation wars though this is still a disputed concept. Lind (2004) for instance argues that we have not yet fully assimilated the contours of 4th Generation wars, hence contemplating the next generation may be too premature. What then emerges is perhaps, â€Å"Four and a half generation of warfare† where the state is attempting to remain relevant in the years ahead. Others as Lane (Nd) are not so sure, they presage the diffusion of technology empowering individuals in the same way as states in the first three generations have been or the non state in the fourth one. What is remarkable about these postulates is that these are increasingly being made by non military thinkers. Ideology has a central role in 4th Generation warfare. Thus dogma is used to effectively link a large group of people spread across the globe. The aim of the warrior may not be per se a change in ideology itself, it would be merely to use emotional strings in beliefs, in religion, societies and governments to evoke mass reactions thereby achieving the central aim of the perpetrator to create discord. (Lane, Nd). The use of technology is very elucidative. It is used to leverage advantages of a networked organization, scalability of conflict, exploit information and create a borderless world. (Lane, Nd). The impact of media and technology would be evident with the video tapes of Osama Bin Laden regularly promulgated across the globe giving a message of blood and mayhem to followers of the faith. Technology and information is used as a medium to wage war as also as a target of conflict in 5th generation warfare. (Fifth Generation Warfare, 2005). The Cell phone for instance is a means of communication as well as a trigger rigged to remotely explode bombs in far off places. The adaptation of technology by fifth generation warriors is much faster than that of state warriors. The above survey would indicate that insurgency and revolutionary wars are increasingly replicating 4th and 5th Generation warfare fought by non states and small groups, driven by fundamentalist ideology and supported by technology. Thus as Wilcox and Wilson (2002) indicate warriors of the future will be organized along small independent action forces (SIAF) or cells without any need for a logistics base and with psychological rather than physical goals. We should not be surprised if both these generations exist simultaneously, where wars are increasingly fought by a triad of states, non states and empowered small groups. By seeing through these paradigms can we be better prepared to withstand its rigors.